Scala List的协变特性——泛型上界与下界

deltamaster posted @ Jun 19, 2014 09:36:57 PM in Scala with tags scala 函数 泛型 Functional Programming Liskov 协变 逆变 , 7874 阅读

先做一个简化的List定义，List对象由head（第一个元素）和tail（除了第一个元素以外所有后续元素组成的List）组成。Nil是空List对象，由于不论List的泛型类型是什么，空List的含义和行为都没有区别，因此全局只需要存在一个空List对象即Nil。

trait List[+T] {
  def isEmpty: Boolean
  def head: T
  def tail: List[T]
}

class Cons[T](val head: T, val tail: List[T]) extends List[T] {
  def isEmpty = false
}

object Nil extends List[Nothing] {
  def isEmpty: Boolean = true
  def head: Nothing = throw new NoSuchElementException("Nil.head")
  def tail: Nothing = throw new NoSuchElementException("Nil.tail")
}

这样就完成了List的定义。我们可以通过下面的方式来定义List对象了。

  val x: List[String] = Nil
  val ages: List[Int] = new Cons(16, new Cons(22, Nil))

首先让我们注意一下Nil的定义，Nil这个单例对象所属的类，继承自List[Nothing]，为什么可以将List[String]类型的x定义为这个对象？因为泛型类型T是协变的，而Nothing在Scala中是所有其他类的子类。所以List[Nothing]就是List[String]的子类，根据Liskov替换原则，这样的定义是合法的。

下面，我们要像List类增加一个prepend方法，用来生成一个新List，这个新List是在原List头部新增一个元素：

trait List[+T] {
  // omit other methods
  def prepend(elem: T): List[T] = new Cons(elem, this)
}

但是这样的做法是无法通过编译的。为什么？正如上一篇博客所解释的，协变类型不能作为方法的参数类型。而这样的prepend操作看似是非常符合常理的，那么是Scala的这个规则设定不合理吗？

我们再回想一下Liskov替换原则。如果Bird是Animal的子类，那么List[Bird]就是List[Animal]的子类，那么如果List[Animal]可以prepend一个Animal类型的实例，List[Bird]也可以prepend一个Animal类型的实例，可惜按照上面的定义是不可能的，因此违反了Liskov替换原则，这样的定义是错误的。

为了解决这个问题，我们需要引入泛型类型的下界的概念。

trait List[+T] {
  // omit other methods
  def prepend[U >: T](elem: U): List[U] = new Cons(elem, this)
}

这个定义的含义是，prepend方法接受一个类型为U的参数，U必须是T或T的父类（“>:”表示泛型类型的下界，而“<:”则相应地表示上界），返回类型则是List[U]。拿Animal和Bird的例子，再假设Chicken是Bird的子类，那么根据这种定义，List[Bird]可以prepend一个Animal的实例，返回List[Animal]，而prepend一个Chicken的实例并非不允许，而是U类型不会是Chicken，必须将U类型至少提升至Bird，所以prepend一个Chicken的实例，结果是返回List[Bird]。这样的定义满足Liskov替换原则，所有可以对List[Animal]进行的操作，都可以对List[Bird]进行。

接下来再举一个例子，假设BaldEagle和CrownEagle都是Aeroplane的子类，而BaldEagle和CrownEagle没有关系。那么List[BaldEagle]如果prepend一个CrownEagle的实例会是什么结果呢？类型U不能是CrownEagle，而必须被向上提升直到U是BaldEagle或者BaldEagle的父类，因此U将被提升到Aeroplane，所以结果将是返回List[Aeroplane]。

这样，可以容易地推断出Scala对于泛型上下界的规定。

  • 协变类型可以作为泛型类型的下界
  • 逆变类型可以作为泛型类型的上界
* 本文在CC BY-SA（署名-相同方式共享）协议下发布。
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